J. Hamid. York College, York Nebraska.
It Hair color is determined by the type and amount of pigment is especially abundant in children and women just barely produced in the stratum basale at the base of the hair follicle female cialis 20mg overnight delivery. The more abundant the melanin, the darker in most elderly people), and sometimes curly. Gray or white hair is the result of a lack of pigment production lanugo: L. Integumentary System © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy, Sixth Edition Companies, 2001 Chapter 5 Integumentary System 117 Hyponychium Eponychium Nail matrix Free border Body of nail Hidden border Nail groove Nail fold Lunula Eponychium Body of nail Nail bed Free border Creek Hyponychium Hidden border Epidermis Nail root Dermis Pulp Distal phalanx Developing bone (a) (b) FIGURE 5. The free border of the nail extends over a thickened re- grows continuously. It is found on the scalp and on the faces gion of the stratum corneum called the hyponychium (hi'po˘- of mature males. It is the most common An eponychium (cuticle) covers the hidden border of the type of hair. These harder, transparent the nakedness of our skin does lead to some problems. Skin cancer cells are then pushed forward over the strata basale and spinosum occurs frequently in humans, particularly in regions of the skin ex- posed to the sun. Fingernails grow at the rate of approximately related to the fact that hair is not present to dissipate the oily secre- 1 mm each week. The condition of nails may be indicative of a person’s general health and well-being. Nails should appear pinkish, showing the rich vascular capillaries beneath the translucent nail. A yellowish Nails hue may indicate certain glandular dysfunctions or nutritional defi- ciencies.
Transphyseal perfu- cessing techniques for a given child generic 20mg female cialis otc, for a given anatom- sion seems to be a predictor of growth arrest. Recent ad- vances in contrast-enhancement provide new informa- Evaluating Articular Structures tion, both qualitative and quantitative, on the endochon- dral growth process and on the mechanisms of neovascu- Accurate evaluation of the status of the articular carti- larization and revascularization. All of these elements are lage, joint fluid, and synovium is crucial and requires ap- important in dictating appropriate management. Babyn PS, Kim HK, Gahunia HK, Lemaire C, Salter RB, Fornasier V, Pritzker KP (1998) MRI of the cartilaginous epi- Inflamed synovium is thickened and hypervascular and physis of the femoral head in the piglet hip ischemic damage. Gadolinium-enhanced imaging is thus DeNanassy J, Pritzker KP (1996) High-resolution magnetic needed to depict the extent and distribution of abnormal resonance imaging of normal porcine cartilage epiphyseal synovium, especially if quantification for serial assess- maturation. J Magn Reson Imaging 6:172-179 ment of disease severity and treatment response is re- 3. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 6:473-495 The synovial intima lacks a tight junction or base- 4. Barnewolt CE, Chung T (1998) Techniques, coils, pulse se- ment membrane and thus allows rapid diffusion of quences and contrast enhancement in pediatric musculoskele- gadolinium compounds into the joint fluid. Therefore, tal MR imaging, Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 6:441-453 static imaging must be undertaken immediately after 5. Barnewolt CE, Shapiro F, Jaramillo D (1997) Normal Gadolinium-enhanced MR images of the developing appen- gadolinium administration, or dynamic techniques must dicular skeleton: part I Cartilaginous epiphysis and physis. Contrast-enhanced, fat-suppressed T1- J Roentgenol 169:183-189 weighted 3D gradient echo techniques are most effec- 6. Dwek JR, Shapiro F, Laor T, Barnewolt CR, Jaramillo D tive, allowing an optimal differentiation from adjacent (1997) Normal Gadolinium-enhanced MR images of the de- fat pads. Am J Roentgenol 169:191-196 Synovial inflammation can be quantified and moni- 7.
Second safe female cialis 10mg, simply increasing skin tempera- lature is composed of a network of large arteri- oles and venules in the deep dermis, which send branches to the ture will cause the blood vessels to dilate. Arteriove- from heat applied to the skin from the external environ- nous anastomoses allow direct flow from arterioles to venules and ment, heat from underlying active skeletal muscle, or in- greatly increase blood flow when dilated. The capillary loops into creased blood temperature as it enters the skin. During mild to moderate exercise in a warm envi- ronment, skin blood flow can equal or exceed blood flow to Sweat glands derive virtually all sweat water from blood the skeletal muscles. Exercise tolerance can, therefore, be plasma and are surrounded by a dense capillary network in lower in a warm environment because the vascular resist- the deeper layers of the dermis. As explained in Chapter 29, ance of the skin and muscle is too low to maintain an ap- neural regulation of the sweating mechanism not only propriate arterial blood pressure, even at maximum cardiac causes the formation of sweat but also substantially in- output. One of the adaptations to exercise is an ability to creases skin blood flow. All the capillaries from the superfi- increase blood flow in skin and dissipate more heat. In ad- cial skin layers are drained by venules, which form a venous dition, aerobically trained humans are capable of higher plexus in the superficial dermis and eventually drain into sweat production rates; this increases heat loss and induces many large venules and small veins beneath the dermis. The vascular pattern just described is modified in the tis- The vast majority of humans live in cool to cold regions, sues of the hand, feet, ears, nose, and some areas of the face where body heat conservation is imperative. The sensation in that direct vascular connections between arterioles and of cool or cold skin, or a lowered body core temperature, venules, known as arteriovenous anastomoses, occur pri- elicits a reflex increase in sympathetic nerve activity, which marily in the superficial dermal tissues (see Fig. Heat loss contrast, relatively few arteriovenous anastomoses exist in is minimized because the skin becomes a poorly perfused in- the major portion of human skin over the limbs and torso. As long as the skin tem- If a great amount of heat must be dissipated, dilation of the perature is higher than about 10 to 13 C (50 to 55 F), the arteriovenous anastomoses allows substantially increased neurally induced vasoconstriction is sustained. However, at skin blood flow to warm the skin, thereby increasing heat lower tissue temperatures, the vascular smooth muscle cells loss to the environment. This allows vasculatures of the progressively lose their contractile ability, and the vessels 286 PART IV BLOOD AND CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY passively dilate to various extents.
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