By S. Marlo. Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville. 2017.
Remember the audience An important point to remember when writing a report is to think about your audience buy generic levitra super active 40mg. Have they the time to read through reams of quotations or are they interested only in conclu- sions and recommendations? Do you need to write using complex ter- minology or do you need to keep your language as simple as possible? A few researchers have come unstuck by including terms which it becomes obvious later they do no understand). WRITTEN REPORT FORMAT Traditional written reports tend to be produced in the fol- lowing format. T|tle Page This contains the title of the report, the name of the re- searcher and the date of publication. If the report is a dis- sertation or thesis, the title page will include details about the purpose of the report, for example ‘A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hal- lam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy’. If the research has been funded by a particular organisation, details of this may be included on the title page. Contents Page In this section is listed the contents of the report, either in chapter or section headings with sub-headings, if relevant and their page numbers. List of Illustrations This section includes title and page number of all graphs, tables, illustrations, charts, etc. Acknowledgements Some researchers may wish to acknowledge the help of their research participants, tutors, employers and/or funding body. HOW TO REPORT YOUR FINDINGS/ 135 Abstract/Summary This tends to be a one page summary of the research, its purpose, methods, main findings and conclusion. Introduction This section introduces the research, setting out the aims and objectives, terms and definitions. It includes a ratio- nale for the research and a summary of the report struc- ture.
As a bottom line generic levitra super active 20mg otc, decisions about mobility aids and all assistive tech- nologies (AT) must reflect the user’s needs, circumstances, and preferences. AT choice should include the right to choose or to reject AT” (Olkin 1999, 291). Almost inevitably, others weigh in—family members, physicians, physical and occupational therapists,AT vendors, and health insurers. Decisions about mobility aids can become complicated and emotionally charged. Use of Mobility Aids by People with Major Mobility Difficulties Mobility Aid (%) Difficulty Cane Walker Wheelchair Arthritis 44 26 16 Back problems and sciatica 34 10 5 Heart conditions 30 15 14 Lung conditions 16 11 12 Stroke 48 28 44 Missing lower limb 57 30 23 Diabetes 37 40 35 Multiple sclerosis 36 29 66 million) use canes; 0. After accounting for various personal factors,4 we find that cane users live alone 50 percent more frequently than other people, and walker users 30 percent more often. The survey has no information on whether mobility aids allow people to live alone more independently and safely than without the equipment. Mobility aids have their own hierarchy, from low-tech wooden canes with crook handles, to multifooted canes, to crutches, to walkers, to manual wheelchairs and scooters, to sophisticated power wheelchairs. People gen- erally start with the lowest practical option, then, if impairments progress, they move up the hierarchy, as did Walter Masterson (chapter 3). Over the last two decades the sophistication, design, and diversity of mobility aids have grown dramatically, offering consumers wide-ranging options for most tastes and requirements. Yet little systematic evidence is available about the technical pros and cons of different mobility aids and their safety and biomechanics in routine use. Research including persons with ac- 184 mbulation Aids tual mobility problems is generally conducted in laboratories, with few studies examining how people use mobility aids in daily life or whether these aids save societal costs (e. Choice of mobility aids must consider many factors beyond lower- extremity functioning, including people’s cognitive status and judgment, vision, vestibular function (which affects balance), upper-body strength, and global physical endurance, as well as home and community environ- ments. Ambulation aids fall at the low-tech, higher-functioning end of the mobility device continuum. Stuart Hartman, an orthopedic surgeon, encourages patients to use ambulation aids by emphasizing that they will still walk independently, albeit now with mechanical assistance: People don’t normally want these things—they just don’t want to be seen that way.
Cross References Blink Reflex; Coma; Cerebellopontine angle syndrome; Corneo- mandibular reflex; Facial paresis Corneomandibular Reflex The corneomandibular reflex levitra super active 40mg free shipping, also known as the corneopterygoid reflex or Wartenberg’s reflex or sign, consists of anterolateral jaw movement following corneal stimulation. In one study, the corneomandibular reflex was observed in about three-quarters of patients with motor neu- rone disease (MND) who displayed no other pathological reflexes, a frequency much higher than that seen in patients with stroke causing hemiparesis or pseudobulbar palsy. It was therefore suggested to be a sensitive indicator of upper motor neurone involvement in MND. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2003; 74: 558-560 Cross References Corneal reflex; Pseudobulbar palsy Corneopterygoid Reflex -see CORNEOMANDIBULAR REFLEX Cortical Blindness Cortical blindness is loss of vision due to bilateral visual cortical dam- age (usually hypoxic-ischemic in origin), or bilateral subcortical lesions affecting the optic radiations. A small central field around the fixation point may be spared (macula sparing). Pupillary reflexes are preserved but optokinetic nystagmus cannot be elicited. Cortical blindness may result from: Bilateral (sequential or simultaneous) posterior cerebral artery occlusion “Top of the basilar syndrome” Migraine Cerebral anoxia - 83 - C Coup de Sabre Bacterial endocarditis Wegener’s granulomatosis Coronary or cerebral angiography (may be transient) Epilepsy (transient) Cyclosporin therapy, e. Patients with cortical blindness may deny their visual defect (Anton’s syndrome, visual anosognosia) and may confabulate about what they “see. This lesion may be associated with hemifacial atrophy and epilepsy, and neuroimaging may show hemiatrophy and intracranial calcification. Whether these changes reflect inflammation or a neurocutaneous syn- drome is not known. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1998; 65: 568 Cross References Hemifacial atrophy Cover Tests The simple cover and cover-uncover tests may be used to demonstrate manifest and latent strabismus (heterotropia and heterophoria) respectively. The cover test demonstrates tropias: the uncovered eye is forced to adopt fixation; any movement therefore represents a manifest strabis- mus (heterotropia). The cover-uncover test demonstrates phorias: any movement of the covered eye to reestablish fixation as it is uncovered represents a latent strabismus (heterophoria). The alternate cover or cross cover test, in which the hand or occluder moves back and forth between the eyes, repeatedly breaking and reestablishing fixation, is more dissoci- ating, preventing binocular viewing, and therefore helpful in demon- strating whether or not there is strabismus. It should be performed in the nine cardinal positions of gaze to determine the direction that elic- its maximal deviation.
Pathogens like mon and administration of a soluble iron salt may greatly bacteria use several strategies to establish virulence discount 20 mg levitra super active overnight delivery. Many bacteria pro- teria must usually gain access to host tissues and multiply duce iron-chelating compounds known as siderophores, which before damage can be done. In most cases this requires the help them to obtain iron from the environment. Some iron penetration of the skin, mucous membranes, or intestinal chelators isolated from pathogenic bacteria are so efficient that epithelium, surfaces that normally act as microbial barriers. Passage through the skin into subcutaneous layers almost For example, a siderophore called aerobactin, produced by always occurs through wounds and in rare instances pathogens certain strains of E. Most infections begin with the adherence of bacteria to After initial entry, the organism often remains localized specific cells on the mucous membranes of the respiratory, ali- and multiplies, producing a small focus of infection such as a mentary, or genitourinary tract. For example, these commonly arise macromolecules that bind to complementary acceptor mole- from Staphylococcus infections of the skin. Alternatively, the cules on the surfaces of certain animal cells, thus promoting organism may pass through the lymphatic vessels and be specific and firm adherence. If an organism reaches the blood, it are polysaccharides and form a meshwork of fibers called the will be distributed to distal parts of the body, usually concen- glycocalyx. This can be important for fixing bacteria to host trating in the liver or spleen. If extensive bacterial growth in tissues brae may be important in the attachment process. For exam- occurs, some of the organisms may be shed into the blood- ple, the fimbrae of Neiseria gonorrhoeae play a key role in the stream, a condition known as bacteremia. Also, it has been which break down host tissues, encourage the spread of the shown that fimbriated strains of Escherichia coli are much organism and aid the establishment and maintenance of dis- more frequent causes of urinary tract infections than strains ease. These proteins, which are mostly enzymes, are called 45 Bacterial adaptation WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli, the cause of a gastrointestinal infection that can lead to severe complications. For example, streptococci, staphylococci See also Anti-adhesion methods; Antibiotic resistance, tests and pneumococci produce hyaluronidase, an enzyme that for; Immune system; Immunofluorescence; Immunology; breaks down hyaluronic acid, a host tissue cement. They also Infection and resistance; Infection control produce proteases, nucleases and lipases that depolymerize host proteins, nucleic acids and fats.
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