Superficial branches of the femoral artery and lymphatics are also transmitted through the saphenous opening generic gemfibrozil 300 mg free shipping total cholesterol hdl ratio diabetes. The saphenous opening is in the Contents of the subcutaneous tissue include: upper part of the triangle buy gemfibrozil 300 mg cholesterol medication harmful. The back of the thigh fuse and evaginate to form the femoral sheath below the inguinal liga- receives its sensory supply from the posterior cutaneous nerve of the ment buy gemfibrozil 300mg on-line cholesterol medication triplex. The boundaries of the femoral triangle are: the inguinal ligament • Nerves: the femoral nerve (L2 buy cheap gemfibrozil 300 mg cholesterol lowering diet plan mayo clinic,3 cheap 300mg gemfibrozil overnight delivery cholesterol in egg white,4, p. The thigh 107 Iliac crest Fascia covering gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Iliotibial tract Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris (long head) Fig. Note the two muscles inserted into the iliotibial tract The contents of the medial compartment of the thigh The adductor (subsartorial or Hunter’s) canal (Figs 47. It commences in the mid-portion of the thigh and is lateral rotator of the thigh at the hip) (see Muscle index, p. The contents of the adductor canal The contents of the posterior compartment of the thigh These include: the femoral artery, the femoral vein which lies deep to (Fig. They include: biceps femoris,semitendinosus,semimembranosus the lower limb with the great saphenous vein), the nerve to vastus medi- and the hamstring part of adductor magnus (see Muscle index, p. The muscles of the the intermediate cutaneous nerve of the thigh (branch of the femoral posterior compartment are supplied by the tibial component of the sci- nerve, p. The small diagrams show how the cruciate ligaments resist forward and backward displacement of the femur The knee joint (Figs 48. In the knee joint the femoral and tibial condyles attached above to the femoral epicondyle and below to the subcuta- articulate as does the patella and patellar surface of the femur. Unlike the medial collateral ligament is a large opening through which the synovial membrane is continuous it lies away from the capsule and meniscus. This bursa extends superiorly The collateral ligaments are taut in full extension and it is in this three fingerbreadths above the patella between the femur and quad- position that they are liable to injury when subjected to extreme val- riceps. Posteriorly the capsule communicates with another bursa under the Behind the knee the oblique popliteal ligament, a reflected exten- medial head of gastrocnemius and often, through it, with the bursa of sion from the semimembranosus tendon, strengthens the capsule (Fig. Anteriorly the capsule is reinforced by the ligamentum patellae mits the passage of the tendon of popliteus. The latter are reflected fibrous expansions • Extracapsular ligaments: the capsule of the knee joint is reinforced arising from vastus lateralis and medialis muscles which blend with the by ligaments. Conversely, • The anterior cruciate ligamentapasses from the front of the inter- the first stage of flexion is unlocking the joint by internal rotation of the condylar area of the tibia to the medial side of the lateral femoral medial tibial condyleaan action performed by popliteus. This ligament prevents hyperextension and resists for- The principal muscles acting on the knee are: ward movement of the tibia on the femur. The The femoral artery and vein pass through the hiatus in adductor magnus medial meniscus is C shaped and larger than the lateral meniscus. The lateral menis- the biceps tendon (superolateral) and semimembranosus reinforced cus is loosely attached to the tibia and connected to the femur by two by semitendinosus (superomedial). The classic medial meniscus injury occurs when a footballer • The roof consists of: deep fascia which is penetrated at an inconstant twists the knee during running. It is a combination of external rotation position by the small saphenous vein as it drains into the popliteal vein.
The postganglionic fibers of either division release neurotransmitters onto the smooth muscles of the iris to cause changes in the pupillary size buy generic gemfibrozil 300mg on-line cholesterol levels and stroke risk. It is a homeostatic reflex mechanism that keeps the activation of photoreceptors within certain limits gemfibrozil 300mg free shipping cholesterol medication bad breath. In the context of avoiding a threat like the lioness on the savannah 300 mg gemfibrozil visa does cholesterol medication make you lose weight, the sympathetic response for fight or flight will increase pupillary diameter so that more light hits the retina and more visual information is available for running away purchase 300 mg gemfibrozil mastercard cholesterol yellow spots under eyes. Likewise best 300 mg gemfibrozil q.steps cholesterol test strips, the parasympathetic response of rest reduces the amount of light reaching the retina, allowing the photoreceptors to cycle through bleaching and be regenerated for further visual perception; this is what the homeostatic process is attempting to maintain. The pupillary light reflex involves sensory input through the optic nerve and motor response through the oculomotor nerve to the ciliary ganglion, which projects to the circular fibers of the iris. As shown in this short animation, pupils will constrict to limit the amount of light falling on the retina under bright lighting conditions. Autonomic Tone Organ systems are balanced between the input from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. When something upsets that balance, the homeostatic mechanisms strive to return it to its regular state. For each organ system, there may be more of a sympathetic or parasympathetic tendency to the resting state, which is known as the autonomic tone of the system. Because the resting heart rate is the result of the parasympathetic system slowing the heart down from its intrinsic rate of 100 bpm, the heart can be said to be in parasympathetic tone. In a similar fashion, another aspect of the cardiovascular system is primarily under sympathetic control. Blood pressure is partially determined by the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels. These tissues have adrenergic receptors that respond to the release of norepinephrine from postganglionic sympathetic fibers by constricting and increasing blood pressure. The hormones released from the adrenal medulla—epinephrine and norepinephrine—will also bind to these receptors. Those hormones travel through the bloodstream where they can easily interact with the receptors in the vessel walls. The parasympathetic system has no significant input to the systemic blood vessels, so the sympathetic system determines their tone. It does not have an overall effect on blood pressure to alter the tone of the vessels, but rather allows for blood flow to increase for those skeletal muscles that will be active in the fight-or-flight response. The blood vessels that have a parasympathetic projection are limited to those in the erectile tissue of the reproductive organs. Acetylcholine released by these postganglionic parasympathetic fibers cause the vessels to dilate, leading to the engorgement of the erectile tissue. This is because, for one reason or another, blood is not getting to your brain so it is briefly deprived of oxygen. When you change position from sitting or lying down to standing, your cardiovascular system has to adjust for a new challenge, keeping blood pumping up into the head while gravity is pulling more and more blood down into the legs. The reason for this is a sympathetic reflex that maintains the output of the heart in response to postural change. Both changes will make it possible for the cardiovascular system to maintain the rate of blood delivery to the brain. Blood is being pumped superiorly through the internal branch of the carotid arteries into the brain, against the force of gravity. Gravity is not increasing while standing, but blood is more likely to flow down into the legs as they are extended for standing. This sympathetic reflex keeps the brain well oxygenated so that cognitive and other neural processes are not interrupted.
In addition to cyclins generic 300 mg gemfibrozil mastercard grams of cholesterol in eggs, a class of proteins that are encoded by genes called proto-oncogenes provide important signals that regulate the cell cycle and move it forward buy 300 mg gemfibrozil fast delivery definition of cholesterol test. In contrast gemfibrozil 300 mg on-line cholesterol levels after quitting smoking, a second class of genes known as tumor suppressor genes sends stop signals during a cell cycle trusted 300 mg gemfibrozil cholesterol test houston. Some tumor suppressor proteins also signal a sufficient surrounding cellular density discount 300mg gemfibrozil cholesterol test birmingham, which indicates that the cell need not presently divide. The latter function is uniquely important in preventing tumor growth: normal cells exhibit a phenomenon called “contact inhibition;” thus, extensive cellular contact with neighboring cells causes a signal that stops further cell division. These two contrasting classes of genes, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, are like the accelerator and brake pedal of the cell’s own “cruise control system,” respectively. Generally speaking, there are two ways that the cell’s cruise control can lose control: a malfunctioning (overactive) accelerator, or a malfunctioning (underactive) brake. When compromised through a mutation, or otherwise altered, proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes, which produce oncoproteins that push a cell forward in its cycle and stimulate cell division even when it is undesirable to do so. On the other hand, a dysfunctional tumor suppressor gene may fail to provide the cell with a necessary stop signal, also resulting in unwanted cell division and proliferation. A delicate homeostatic balance between the many proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes delicately controls the cell cycle and ensures that only healthy cells replicate. Therefore, a disruption of this homeostatic balance can cause aberrant cell division and cancerous growths. Throughout development and adulthood, the process of cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions. Stem Cells A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells. The first embryonic cells that arise from the division of the zygote are the ultimate stem cells; these stems cells are described as totipotent because they have the potential to differentiate into any of the cells needed to enable an organism to grow and develop. The embryonic cells that develop from totipotent stem cells and are precursors to the fundamental tissue layers of the embryo are classified as pluripotent. A pluripotent stem cell is one that has the potential to differentiate into any type of human tissue but cannot support the full development of an organism. A multipotent stem cell has the potential to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell. In contrast, a unipotent cell is fully specialized and can only reproduce to generate more of its own specific cell type. Stem cells are unique in that they can also continually divide and regenerate new stem cells instead of further specializing. They include the embryonic stem cells of the embryo, fetal stem cells of the fetus, and adult stem cells in the adult. One type of adult stem cell is the epithelial stem cell, which gives rise to the keratinocytes in the multiple layers of epithelial cells in the epidermis of skin. Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells: hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (Figure 3. The multipotent hematopoietic stem cells give rise to many different cell types, including the cells of the immune system and red blood cells. Differentiation When a cell differentiates (becomes more specialized), it may undertake major changes in its size, shape, metabolic activity, and overall function. The different actors in a movie all read from the same script, however, they are each only reading their own part of the script.
Forensic anthropology brings the tools and knowledge of physical anthropology and human osteology (the study of the skeleton) to the task of investigating a death purchase 300mg gemfibrozil with visa cholesterol medication and memory loss. The science behind forensic anthropology involves the study of archaeological excavation generic 300mg gemfibrozil with visa cholesterol under eyes; the examination of hair discount gemfibrozil 300 mg with mastercard cholesterol test triglyceride levels; an understanding of plants 300mg gemfibrozil visa foods have good cholesterol, insects purchase gemfibrozil 300 mg online good cholesterol chart, and footprints; the ability to determine how much time has elapsed since the person died; the analysis of past medical history and toxicology; the ability to determine whether there are any postmortem injuries or alterations of the skeleton; and the identification of the decedent (deceased person) using skeletal and dental evidence. Due to the extensive knowledge and understanding of excavation techniques, a forensic anthropologist is an integral and invaluable team member to have on-site when investigating a crime scene, especially when the recovery of human skeletal remains is involved. When remains are bought to a forensic anthropologist for examination, he or she must first determine whether the remains are in fact human. Once the remains have been identified as belonging to a person and not to an animal, the next step is to approximate the individual’s age, sex, race, and height. The forensic anthropologist does not determine the cause of death, but rather provides information to the forensic pathologist, who will use all of the data collected to make a final determination regarding the cause of death. These are the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges (see Figure 8. The tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone located on the medial side of the leg, and the fibula is the thin bone of the lateral leg. The posterior portion of the foot is formed by a group of seven bones, each of which is known as a tarsal bone, whereas the mid-foot contains five elongated bones, each of which is a metatarsal bone. It is the longest and strongest bone of the body, and accounts for approximately one-quarter of a person’s total height. The rounded, proximal end is the head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. The fovea capitis is a minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head that serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This ligament spans the femur and acetabulum, but is weak and provides little support for the hip joint. It articulates superiorly with the hip bone at the hip joint, and inferiorly with the tibia at the knee joint. Multiple muscles that act across the hip joint attach to the greater trochanter, which, because of its projection from the femur, gives additional leverage to these muscles. The lesser trochanter is a small, bony prominence that lies on the medial aspect of the femur, just below the neck. Running between the greater and lesser trochanters on the anterior side of the femur is the roughened intertrochanteric line. The trochanters are also connected on the posterior side of the femur by the larger intertrochanteric crest. At its proximal end, the posterior shaft has the gluteal tuberosity, a roughened area extending inferiorly from the greater trochanter. Multiple muscles of the hip and thigh regions make long, thin attachments to the femur along the linea aspera. On the lateral side, the smooth portion that covers the distal and posterior aspects of the lateral expansion is the lateral condyle of the femur. Similarly, the smooth region of the distal and posterior medial femur is the medial condyle of the femur, and the irregular outer, medial side of this is the medial epicondyle of the femur. Posteriorly, the medial and lateral condyles are separated by a deep depression called the intercondylar fossa. Anteriorly, the smooth surfaces of the condyles join together to form a wide groove called the patellar surface, which provides for articulation with the patella bone. The combination of the medial and lateral condyles with the patellar surface gives the distal end of the femur a horseshoe (U) shape. A sesamoid bone is a bone that is incorporated into the tendon of a muscle where that tendon crosses a joint. The sesamoid bone articulates with the underlying bones to prevent damage to the muscle tendon due to rubbing against the bones during movements of the joint.
Get your project done all under one roof…
Core Services
"“Laurence has become an integral part of my business over the last few years creating websites, creatives and more. He always comes up with fresh ideas and is incredibly efficient at getting things done quickly when you have tight deadlines to meet. I would recommend his services to anybody looking for design work.”
Justin Rees
Director, Lead Ad Ventures"
"“Laurence created brand designs, icon and website for our iPad app TagNotate. He was a pleasure to work with, providing a great selection of original artwork and design ideas, and then developing those with us through to the finished product. In all respects he provided a professional, high quality service which I would recommend without reservation.”
Richard Buck
Tagnotate"
"“LJA Studios were very professional in their approach and delivery. They are responsive to feedback and the website evolved exactly as discussed. They were very friendly and walked us through the process, so that at all times we knew exactly what was going on. It exceeded our expectations by far. We have no hesitation in recommending their services, and have actually done so already.”
Delroy Folks
Palace Green Finance Ltd."